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象差的校正程度，也是影響成象質量的重要因素。在低倍情況下，象差主要通過物鏡進行校正，在高倍情況下，則需要目鏡和物鏡配合校正。透鏡的象差主要有七種，其中對單色光的五種是球面象差、彗星象差、象散性、象場彎曲和畸變。對復色光有縱向色差和橫向色差兩種。早期的顯微鏡主要著眼于色差和部分球面象差的校正，根據校正的程度而有消色差和復消色差物鏡。近期的金相顯微鏡，對象場彎曲和畸變等象差，也給予了足夠的重視。